#### [[course_Psychology of Race and Gender ]] **Creator**:: **Source**:: FA21 **Covers**:: [[Psychology]], [[gender]], [[race]] # Week 2 ## Multiculturalism and Colorblindness - Multiculturalism => multiple cultures living together and supporting each other without assimilating or sacrificing their culture. - what if people don't want to be a part of a culture that they are recognized for? - cons - can lead to tokenism and stereotyping - Color blindness => seeing everybody as equal, not labeling people according to the color of their skins - seen as separate from using color blindness to make racist remarks - != ignoring race's existence, applies more in individual situations - even if you can be colorblind you that will blind you to other peoples [[racism]] ## Barriers: White Privilege - Privilege is exemption from struggles or added obstacles based solely on your social identity - people can have advantaged and disadvantaged identities [[intersectionality]] - race, ability, [[socio-economic]] status, religious status, [[gender]] are all forms of privilege # Week 3 ## Race - Race is a social classification based solely off of the color of your skin - Races have been created for classifying and otherizing various groups of people over the years - Difference between race, ethnicity, and nationality - race is physical experience - ethnic background - place where a person holds citizenship - Race is socially constructed - there is nothing in our genes that determines what [[black people]] or white people look like only arbitrary physical characteristics - if race is more than biology - racial differences arent due to biology - societal hierarchies around race are not based on "real" differences - the concepts of race and racial groups are malleable not fixed - intially used to reinforce racial inequality - science was only incorporated to justify inequality - early racial conceptions still persist today through steriotypes, raical categories, scientifiic research - Race still exist despite being socially constructed - There is nothing racist about categorizing people by race, it is when you treat people differently based off that group that it becomes racist. ### Scientific Racism - The use of science to justify racist beliefs and racial stratification - There has been a lack of [[objectivity]] in race based science - Physiognomy: judging psychological factors based on external appearance, especially the face - now known as a pseudo-science - r/K theory: species can be ordered on a continuum based on number and quality of offspring - lower species have more/worse offspring, "higher" species have fewer/better - cephalic [[205 Index]]: some races have smaller brains == lower IQ scores - IQ scores increasing over time - black scores are increasing faster than other groups - racial admixture - black kids with high iqs do not reliably have more european dna than those with lower IQs - it all comes down to [[socio-economic]] status # Week 4 ## Readings - [[Gray et al. (2020) - COVID-19 and the Other Pandemic.pdf]] ## Institutional and Systemic Bias - Why was there resistance to black lives matter? - White lives matter supporters didn't understand the point of BLM - People are made uncomfortable by the discussion/acknowledgement of the [[racism]] in america - [[Racism]] vs systemic [[racism]] - [[racism]] is individual comes from disdain ahtred of a certain group - systemic [[racism]] is when the systems of society have been built to reinforce individuals [[racism]] - Institutional bias - discrimination ingrained into society through culture, [[government|govt]], laws, norms - implicit or explicit (discrimination vs privelege) - What is causing institutional bias? ## Racial disparities in covid - [[black people]] (and navajo people) more likely to catch and more likely to die from covid - Causes: Some of these are correlations not causation of race - Hospitals underfunded - higher percentage essential workers - can't work from home - can't take time off to get healthcare - crowded and multigenerational housing - less likely to have health insurance - distrust of healthcare and [[government|govt]] - higher rate of pre-existing conditions - lower health outcomes - lower life expectancy - lack of education - Systemic causes: - poverty - redlining - school funding - biased research/medicine - historical discrimination - history history of racist treatment - slavery (==?what can we do about slavery today?how does this effects the conversation about solutions?==) - feedback loop - Hurricane Katrina = example of inequal treatment in healthcare # Week 5 ## Identity - Identity models are about experience not age periods ### Black identity - Black identity developmental model with goal of a positive racial identity with strong importance to [[self]] - Invented by a white man (Cross) who said it should only be for black identities - 4-5 stages 1. pre-encounter - unware of race - identity is focused on othe internal aspects - disinterested in black issues or anti-black attitudes - white is taugh as the default - colorblind narratives are more dominant and so they won't understand the racial reasons behind inequalities 2. encounter/personalize - event that evokes racial awareness - can be good or bad - can happen many times - reinforces or bring's it back to the forefront - individuals's sense of [[self]] is impacted and they re-evaluate 3. Immersion-Emersion - immersion = full intense engagement in black culture - emersion - emergence from immersion with a nuanced understanding of racial identity/culture/relations - characterized by (justified) rage toward whiteness 4. Internalization - transitions from action and emotion to internal change and view of [[self]] - criticisms - only applicable to african-[[America|americans]] - one-directional - people shift from stage to stage back and forth ### White identity - Abandonment of [[Racism]] 1. Contact - Lack of awareness of race is importance in society - all people are evaluated by white criteria 1. Disintegration - acknowledge race ==> feelings of guild, shame, [[anxiety]] 1. Reintegration - Reversion back to recially-biased beliefs - idealization - racial superiority - guilt => fear anger - active vs passive expression - To be not be racist you have to be anti-racist - you still benefit from white privelege even if you are not racist - Defining a non-racist white identity 1. Pseudo-independent - personal ownership of [[white privelege]]/[[racism]] - microagressions unconscious bias still present - wants to help POC but can become paternalistic 2. immersion/emersion - immersion = what does a non-racist white person look like - emersion - how do I want to embrace whiteness 3. autonomy - internalization of positive white identity - race is not viewed negatively - cfronts [[racism]] - rejects privilege - comfort when interacting with POC # Week 6 1. “[Intersectionality](https://www.nccj.org/intersectionality),” web article from _NCCJ_. # Week 7 1. Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on [[gender]], pp. 33-50. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. # Week 8 - [[textbook_Hyde&Elsequest_pyschology of women and gender]] 1. Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on [[gender]], pp. 33-50. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. 2. Chapter 7: Lifespan Development, pp. 151-179. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. ## Gender schema theory - **Schema** - a way to organize the world around us by filtering information through frameworks - Affects memory recall - things that do not fit into a schema are ignored or misremembered - # Week 9 1. Chapter 3: [[gender]] Stereotypes and [[gender]] Differences, pp. 61-81. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. 2. Chapter 10: Biology and [[gender]], pp. 223-240. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. - [[Stereotypes are beliefs, prejudices are feelings, and discrimination is treatment towards a group a member of group]] - Difference between [[stereotype threat]] and [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] - [[stereotype threat]] is state-dependent (sterotype threat needs to be reinforced) and usually affects performance that the individual is good at - [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] is a chronic hindrance on performance caused by lack of confidence - Repeated experiences of [[stereotype threat]] can result in a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] # Week 10 2. [[Russell et al. (2018) - Chosen Name Use.pdf]] 3. [[Sansfacon et al. (2020) - I Knew That I Wasn't Cis 1.pdf]] # Week 11 ## Notes - Negative health outcomes for trans people - Being trans is not a mental disorder or cause for negative health outcomes - Reasons: [[gender dysphoria]], lack of social support, [[Minority stress]] - If one or more of these factors are addressed, outcomes become comparable to cis people - [[Minority stress]] experiencing pejudice/discrimination leads to high stress levels, causing negative mental and physical health outcomes # Week 12 # Week 13 1. “[Sexism Isn’t Just Unfair; It Makes [[Women]] Sick, Study Suggests](https://theconversation.com/sexism-isnt-just-unfair-it-makes-[[women]]-sick-study-suggests-95689),” web article from _The Conversation._ 2. “[Sexism May Be Harmful to Men’s Mental Health](https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/11/sexism-harmful),” web article from _American Psychological Association_. 3. [[Kuchynka et al. (2018) - Hostile and Benevolent Sexism.pdf]] ## Notes - [[sexism]] - [[modern sexism]] - a more subtle form of sexism not involving explicit admission of sexist beliefs, i.e denial of sexism, complainst about "special treatment," endorsement of double-standards - [[Patriarchy convinces young men that they can and should be oppressors]] - higher levels of sexist behavior - higher levels of negative mental health outcomes - lower likelihood of seeking help - Generally masculine people can be affected by this even if they are not toxically masculine - [[Ambivalent sexism theory]]: sexism takes the form of both over negativity and covert positivity - [[Hostile sexism]]: overtly negative sexist beliefs - Accompanied with innacurate beliefs of how the worlds works ie - women control everything - [[Benevolent sexism]]: controlling women through positive but patronizing views about women. Women are superior only in ways that don't threaten male superiority. - Protective paternalism - women need to be protected by men - Complementary gender differentiation - complementing women for exercising stereotypes - Heterosexual Intimacy - women are viewed as sexual objects - Benevolent sexism is directly linked to Hostile sexism - Endorsement of gender stereotypes - Negative reactions to victims of rape - Beliefs that domestic violence is acceptable - [[mysogyny]]: hatred of women # Week 14 1. Chapter 4, Focus 4.1: Racial Microaggressions, pp. 90-91. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. 2. Chapter 9: [[gender]] and Work, pp. 210-216. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. 3. Chapter 14: [[gender]] and Victimization, pp. 311-336. Access through your Else-Quest & Hyde (2018) textbook. ## Notes - [[Microaggressions]] - Microassaults - explicit or intentional bigoted statements/behaviors - Microinsults - statements/behaviors minimizing or sterotyping a marginalized group, i.e. second class citizenship, ascription of intelligence, pathologized discriminatory behavior - Microinvalidations - statements meant to ignore group's experiences or otherize a minority group, i.e. "Where are you actually from?", exoticization/immasculation, invalidation of specific ethnicity - Psychological dilemmas 1. Clash of identity realities - How can a statement be percieved so differently 2. Invisibility of Unintentional Expression of bias - how can the target prove that a microaggression occurred 3. Percieved as minimally harmful - how can I get social support if no one sees it as harmful 4. Defensive responses from microagressors - call it out and get accused of being too sensitive or be forced to put up with the microaggresions - Microaggressions are common stressors (contribute to [[stereotype threat]]) and can be associated with [[trauma responses]] - Microagresions can be benevolent but don't have to be # Week 16 1. [[Dovidio et al. (2017) - Reducing Intergroup Bias through Intergroup Contact.pdf]] 2. “[The Top 10 Strategies for Reducing Prejudice](https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/top_10_strategies_for_reducing_prejudice),” web article from _Greater Good Magazine_, published by University of California, Berkeley. - [[Intergroup contact theory]] - Contact hypothesis: interacting with people from an outgroup, you hold [[prejudice]] toward will reduce your prejudice toward the group as a whole - counter:: contact does not always have a positive effect - Conditions of contact: the more conditions are met, the more likely contact is positive - Equal status: interactors are not subordinate to each other ^[[[Our authority figures curate and reinforce what we are allowed to imitate]]] - intergroup cooperation and common goals: interactors are working together ^[competition breeds conflict and conflict breeds [[stereotype]]] - [[support]] from authority: authority figure promotes or supports intergroup contact - friendship: developing friendships is the most effective at fulfilling the contact hypothesis - Forms of contact - Direct contact - Virtual contact - Extended/vicarious contact - watching or knowing who engage with other groups - why? social norms and [[Observational learning]] - Imagined contact - thinking about intergroup contact - parasocial contact - consuming media that meets the conditions of contact