> [!infobox] <s class="aside-in"><em>mentioned in 2 topics</em></s> #### <s class="topic-title">[[mind-body dualism]]</s> > [!wikipedia] [mind-body dualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body%20dualism) > > In:: the [[philosophy of mind]], > mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as [[physicalism]] and [[enactivism]], in the [[mind–body problem]]. > > Dualism is closely associated with the thought of [[Rene Descartes]] (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance. Descartes clearly identified the [[mind]] with [[consciousness]] and [[self-awareness]] and distinguished this from the [[brain]] as the seat of intelligence. Hence, he was the first documented Western philosopher to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today. > > [!wikipedia]- Aristotle and Plato's views > > Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants, animals, and people: a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism that all three share; a perceptive soul of pain, pleasure, and desire that only people and other animals share; and the faculty of reason that is unique to people only. In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. For Aristotle, the first two souls, based on the body, perish when the living organism dies, whereas remains an immortal and perpetual intellective part of mind. For Plato, however, the soul was not dependent on the physical body; he believed in metempsychosis, the migration of the soul to a new physical body. It has been considered a form of reductionism by some philosophers, since it enables the tendency to ignore very big groups of variables by its assumed association with the mind or the body, and not for its real value when it comes to explaining or predicting a studied phenomenon. > ##### ^dataviews > [!dataview]+ Related unlinked notes > > No results to show for list query. > [!dataview]- Other unlinked mentions > > - [[philosophical zombie]] #### Discussion > ![[10_Sources/books - Being You#^314685807]]